ABSTRACT
Dermoid cysts are benign lesions containing tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal germ layers. The incidence of dermoid cyst in head and neck region is only 7% while in parotid gland only 18 cases have been reported in the literature. An 18-year-old male presented with a slow growing, painless and soft swelling in the right pre-auricular region. According to the patient, he had this swelling since birth. Ultrasonography was suggestive of a 3X3 cm cystic lesion within the right parotid gland. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed predominantly anucleate squames and keratinous debris indicating towards the possibility of a dermoid cyst of parotid. The lesion was surgically excised with superficial parotidectomy, preserving the facial nerve. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. Post-operative period was uneventful and patient recovered well. Owing to the rarity of dermoid cysts in the head and neck region and more so within the parotid gland, this case is being reported here.
ABSTRACT
A 50-year-old male presented with major complaints of bleeding per -rectum and generalized weakness for past one and a half month. Digital rectal examination (DRE) and colonoscopy revealed a thrombosed internal haemorrhoid, which was surgically excised. Histopathological examination (HPE) was pointing towards anal malignant melanoma, which was further confirmed by positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HMB-45. As the patient had no secondaries or lymph node enlargement, he was referred for loco-regional radiotherapy. Primary ano-rectal melanoma is a rare but locally aggressive neoplasm capable of early metastasis. Owing to its non-specific clinical presentation it may be mistaken for benign conditions like haemorrhoids and may prove fatal. Surgical treatment may range from wide local excision (WLE) to abdomino-perineal resection (APR) with controversial role of chemo-radiation in advanced cases. Prognosis is usually bleak with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Owing to the rarity of ano-rectal melanoma and importance of its early detection and management, this case is being reported here.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: ER, PR and HER2 are the most important factors for predicting prognosis and response to treatment. In the present study we retrospectively measured the frequency of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her 2 Neu positivity in breast cancer patients during a span of 5 years and classified them into luminal A (estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor [ER/PR]-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 [HER2]-negative), luminal B (ER/PR- positive and HER2-positive), HER2 (ER/PR-negative and HER2-positive), and triple negative (ER/PR- and HER2-negative) molecular subtypes. In this study we have also tried to correlate various molecular subtypes of breast cancer with age distribution, histological grade, lymph node status and distant metastasis. Methodology: We conducted a 5-year retrospective study on 547 patients. Clinical data including the age, sex, lymphnode status along with histological type and, grade of the tumour were recorded and the cases were subjected for immunohistochemical evaluation of HER-2/neu, ER, PR receptor status. Results: The results showed that HER2 neu was the most predominant immunomarker, while ER and PR was almost half of it. Among the molecular sub typing HER 2 type was the most prevalent constituting 53% of the cases, followed by almost triple negative and luminal A subtype with 20% cases each. Luminal B was least frequent with 9% of the cases. An inverse relationship exists between expression of her 2 neu and ER/PR. Conclusion: Our study concluded that molecular subtyping of breast carcinoma is an important part of complete histopathology report, in terms of prognosis, recurrence and treatment. A shift in occurrence of breast malignancies towards younger age leads to increased Her-2 neu expression.